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Workers at Oclaro (Shenzhen) Technology Co. Ltd. Strike

00:24 Mar 21 2012 Shenzhen, Guangdong, China

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From Caixin:

A decision to close an optical components factory in Shenzhen triggered a nine-day walkout in March by more than 1,000 workers.

Officially, employees at the Oclaro (Shenzhen) Technology Co. Ltd. plant staged the strike to protest possible severance pay problems after the shutdown, which the company said would be completed by 2015.

But on a deeper plane, the strike reflected gnawing frustrations in Shenzhen over the rapid disappearance of local manufacturing jobs.

Companies are leaving the city – home to China's oldest economic development zone – as labor and property costs rise. Moreover, the Shenzhen municipal government has been encouraging factory closures in certain sectors while promoting more high-tech manufacturing and the service sector.

A city government directive released in November laid out plans for "industrial transformation and upgrading" that included "cleaning out and eliminating low-end companies." A related goal called for clearing up to 25 percent of the city's commercial land to make way for high-tech and service sector development.

The plan calls for moving about 10,000 companies, including 4,000 that will have to relocate to a commercial district called the Shenzhen-Shantou Special Cooperation Area and 5,500 transferring to other parts of Guangdong Province.

Shenzhen officials would like most of the city to follow in the footsteps of its Futian District, which successfully built up a financial and service sector. Offices for media concern Global Sources, power sector supplier ABB, shipping giant COSCO and banks such as Standard Chartered and HSBC are located in some of Futian's 139 office buildings, generating healthy tax revenues.

Being shown the door by the local government are older, labor intensive companies that manufacture goods for export and run the risk of being embroiled in labor disputes.

Half of all labor disputes in Shenzhen since late 2011 were tied to company decisions to move from this sprawling city of assembly lines and warehouses near Hong Kong, said Duan Yi, head of the Guangdong Laowei Law Firm, which specializes in labor law. That's a much higher proportion than in the past, he said.

Jin Xinyi, a member of local branch of the National People's Political Consultative Conference, said many big companies are shifting manufacturing operations to other parts of China or abroad but keeping their headquarters in Shenzhen. Smaller companies, meanwhile, are moving lock stock and barrel to cut labor costs.

Workers unable or unwilling to relocate often have to fight for severance pay or their last paychecks. Sometimes, as in the case of Oclara, disputes erupt.

"Strikes usually happen at medium-sized and large companies," said Duan. "Sometimes when small companies relocate, they disappear overnight without a trace, leaving workers without an opportunity to protest."

The latest economic data suggests Shenzhen's effort to overhaul its economy has had at least one intended effect by slowing manufacturing. Local GDP growth is declining, and plant exports in monetary value fell 6 percent in January and February compared to the same period 2011, the city's statistics bureau said.

Among the earliest signs of change was the 2009 decision by American optical products maker JDSU to sell its Shenzhen manufacturing facilities, triggering strikes. More labor strife followed announcements by local optical goods manufacturers NeoPhotonics and Finisar to move their operations to other Chinese cities.

Electronics manufacturer Foxconn, which supplies parts for computer companies such as Apple, has been expanding from its traditional Shenzhen base by opening factories in other parts of China. The company hiked wages in 2010 in the wake of staff suicides, which fanned unrest among workers across Shenzhen.

A few weeks after its March strike, Oclaro started removing factory equipment and loading it on ships bound for a company facility in Malaysia. The company's 1,800 workers are to be dismissed after the production line transfer is complete.

Jin said Shenzhen is no stranger to upheaval attached to industrial transformation. The first overhaul occurred around 1985 as the city industrialized and labor-intensive companies in the processing trade flooded the city. The second big change came in the mid-1990s after the government stopped accepting registration requests for low-end processing factories to encourage high-tech industries.

Shenzhen manufacturers with low profit margins that paid few taxes "gradually became unwelcome," Jin said. "But this transformation led to relocations for some processing companies, and the farmers who had leased land to the companies felt their own interests had been harmed. So they sued the municipal government."

"Whenever companies relocate, pain is inevitable," Jin said.

Since 2000, Shenzhen's labor and land costs have soared, eroding company profits and giving them incentive to relocate. The city's minimum wage has jumped to 1,500 yuan per month – the highest in the country. Factory rents have risen more than 30 percent since 2000.

The government has had a hand in the economic shifts out of necessity, local officials say. Guandong Communist Party chief Wang Yang said in 2008 "if we don't actively adjust the industrial structure today, we'll be adjusted by the industrial structure tomorrow."

Still Love Shenzhen

Small companies that abandon Shenzhen don't necessarily find the grass is greener on the other side.

Last year, for example, Huang Zhijun moved his furniture factory and about 30 workers from Shenzhen to Langfang, near Beijing. The new plant is larger, but from day one he felt uneasy about the new environs.

Langfang "is too remote. There wasn't even anywhere to get a meal, not to mention entertainment," Huang said. He also ran into trouble with local residents.

"When there is a little labor dispute" in Langfang "the bosses can call in the underworld. It's not like that in Shenzhen," he said.

Huang and a few workers later returned to Shenzhen.

Huang's vote of confidence in Shenzhen is shared to some extent by the region's labor force, even in the face of company relocations. Duan notes that the city and the rest of the Pearl River Delta shows a more liberal attitude toward labor issues than other parts of China, which has given plant workers a good feeling and a degree of power.

Labor unity is not uncommon. In some cases, unhappy workers at a shutdown-targeted plant in Shenzhen have decided to stick together for a mass dismissal rather than let a departing company slowly whittle down their ranks.

Workers in the city have stopped using standard channels for expressing grievances offered by governments in other parts of China, such as the formal petition process. Instead, Duan said, they're launching strikes and slowdowns in ways that force employers to the negotiating table.

Meanwhile, the Guangdong provincial government has increasingly found itself involved in encouraging peaceful settlements for strikes and other labor disputes.

After a strike at a Honda factory in 2010, Wang set the current tone for all local government officials by telling reporters that labor and management should negotiate rather than let disputes lead to social instability.

Local government labor officials were prepared to intervene last November during a strike in a local factory, for example, but in the end did not get involved.

Duan said the government has also played a neutral role in several recent disputes, reflecting Shenzhen's decision to encourage the next phase of its economic development.

From China Fiber Optics Online:

4/29/2012, Oclaro 上周四公布3月31日结束的第三财季财报。Oclaro CEO Alain Couder 表示:“这个季度公司在各个战略方向都获得了进步,泰国水灾已经成为过去。同Venture的成功合作将帮助Oclaro更好向基于外包生产的模式转型。同Opnext的合并计划将帮助他们成为这个市场第二位的供应商。尽管由于中国工厂停工带来的销售额短期降低,我们降低成本的努力还是帮助Olcaro完成了预定的毛利率的指标。”

本季度Oclaro的销售额8870万美元,上季度8650万美元。销售额的降低继续受到泰国水灾的影响,深圳工厂暂时的停工也有影响。GAAP意义上的毛利率15%,上季度是13%。非GAAP的毛利率16%,上季度13%。GAAP营运亏损1590万美元,上季度3360万美元。本季度的业绩包括了330万美元保险赔偿收入。上季度则有910万美元因水灾带来的注销损失。非GAAP意义上本季度营业亏损1460万美元,上季度1890万美元。调整后的EBITDA税前利润为亏损990万美元,上季度亏损1430万美元。GAAP意义上净亏损1720万美元,上季度是3080万美元。非GAAP意义上的净亏损本季度1550万美元,上季度1740万美元。截止3月31日,还有现金和等价现金5110万美元,上季度末是5420万美元。

Oclaro的财报新闻稿在最后的表格中给出了本季度数据同去年同期数据的对比。去年同期Oclaro的销售额为1.156亿美元,毛利2841.2万美元,营业亏损6640万美元,净亏损982.7万美元。由此可以看到,此次泰国水灾对于Oclaro的影响非常之大,远不是现在收到的330万美元保险赔偿所能赔偿得了的。

有意思的是这个新闻稿用了Stoppage这个英文词来描述深圳工厂的罢工事件。字典上对这个单词的解释是短暂的停止。根据我们的了解,Oclaro深圳保税区工厂员工虽然复工,但是骨干早已开始流失,剩下的员工人心也不稳。这件事情却不是一个短暂的停止。相比FInisar在无锡建立自己的生产基地,Oclaro一定要外包,这条路是否更好,值得怀疑。

Oclaro同时预计下个季度收入在1到1.09亿美元之间,非GAAP毛利率在19%到23%之间。所有这些数字都没有计入和Opnext可能的合并影响。

From Caixin (Chinese):

经历了3月下旬的九天大罢工后,从4月20日开始,奥兰若(深圳)科技有限公司(以下简称奥兰若)的生产设备逐渐被搬上货船,一批批运向马来西亚。

  奥兰若是全球第二大的光器件供应商Oclaro在深圳的生产基地,位于福田保税区凤凰大道,约有1800名在职员工,其产品的主要客户是深圳的两家通信龙头企业——中兴和华为。

  2012年3月21日,奥兰若发布公告称,在未来三年,公司将分阶段逐步把奥兰若深圳总装和测试业务转移到一家马来西亚工厂。

  奥兰若的工人告诉财新记者,公司决定先转移生产线,再对转移业务后辞退的工人进行赔偿。在这三年之内,工人若因个人原因离职,将不予赔偿。工人担心三年后得不到保障,要求先赔偿再转移,由此引发罢工。类似于奥兰若这样因为企业外迁而引发的罢工和劳资纠纷,从2011年下半年以来,在深圳市轮番上演。

  深圳劳维律师事务所主任段毅在深圳执业20余年,劳维律师事务所亦是全国首家专业从事劳动维权法律事务的律师事务所。段毅没有忽略这一新的变化:“去年年底以来,深圳因为企业外迁而产生的劳资纠纷占到了一半以上,大大高于往年。”

  显然,作为经济特区的深圳已率先碰到了发展瓶颈,产业转型升级的“阵痛”正在凸显。

企业外迁阵痛

  深圳的工人们对企业外迁显得格外敏感。今年2月2日,深圳宝安区玉泉东路的勤兴软胶(深圳)有限公司的员工过完春节返厂,却看到电车少了30多台,裁床搬走两台。厂方解释,这些机器已搬到位于广东阳江的新厂房去了。

  工人慌了,他们担心这些设备迟早会全部转移,深圳的厂房将不复存在。他们立即罢工,要求老板“买断工龄”,不然就不允许其他的生产机器运出厂房,“怕老板一夜之间消失了”。更早一些,深圳西铁城代工厂的工人要求厂方补齐加班费。带头罢工的工人在接受财新记者采访时亦表示,“公司已经有几个部门搬到澳门去了,我们担心自己所在的部门也会搬迁,所以趁着现在找企业补齐加班费。”

  企业外迁,工人仅两种选择:或离职,或跟随企业外迁。这些不愿外迁的工人,则要为自己争取合同期内被解聘的补偿金,他们亦希望将以前种种“不公正”待遇来一个“一次性了结”,各种劳资纠纷和罢工就此产生。

  奥兰若并不是第一家决定搬离深圳的通信元器件制造类企业。2009年,另一家外资公司JDSU出售了其深圳的制造工厂,但生产线还留在深圳,此举同样引发罢工。后来又有新飞通、Finisar等深圳光器件供应商要在武汉、无锡等地设厂的消息传出。在深圳设有基地的制造业代表企业富士康,近年来也不断到中西部省份设厂。尤其2010年连续出现“员工跳楼”事件后,富士康接连选址郑州、成都等地,其在深圳的园区就再也没有大规模招聘员工的消息。

  深圳市政协委员金心异在接受财新记者采访时表示,深圳市企业外迁分两类,一类是大中型企业,他们只是将企业中的部分部门外迁,比如制造部门,但总部和研发部门仍保留在深圳,这些企业往往在外迁的过程中实现产能扩张;另一类则是整体搬迁的中小企业,他们将彻底离开深圳。

  段毅则表示,“罢工的一般是大中型企业,小工厂搬迁,有时候一夜之间就无影无踪,工人们连罢工的机会都没有,但劳资纠纷和大厂是一样的。”

  段毅称,自从2010年深圳富士康宣布大幅提高员工薪水之后,工人们要求企业“涨工资”或提供某种福利的呼声越来越高。若按罢工原因分析,2011年6月以前因要求“涨工资”导致的罢工最多;但现在,因为企业外迁引发的已经超过了一半。

不得不转型

  在金心异看来,这样的情形似曾相识。这是深圳的第三次产业转型。

  第一次产业转型发生于1985年前后,此后深圳进入快速工业化阶段,大量“三来一补”企业涌入深圳。所谓“三来一补”,指的是来料加工、来样加工、来件装配和补偿贸易。

  这类企业主要的结构是:由外商提供设备(包括由外商投资建厂房)、原材料、来样,并负责全部产品的外销,由中国企业提供土地、厂房、劳力。但中外双方不以“三来一补”企业名义核算,而是各自记账,以工缴费结算。

  第二次产业转型发生在上个世纪90年代中期,深圳市政府在产业层面提出要大力发展高新技术产业,同时不再接受“三来一补”企业的登记。金心异称,“‘三来一补’企业利润低,给地方政府交的税非常少,所以逐渐不受政府欢迎。但这次转型导致一批加工企业外迁,那些租地给他们的村民觉得自己的利益受损,还联名起诉市政府。”

  “企业外迁,‘阵痛’不可避免。”金心异说。

  2000年以后,深圳的人力成本和土地成本飙升,快速蚕食企业的利润,企业外迁也逐渐加剧。目前深圳的最低基本工资为1500元/月,已高于北京、上海和广州的1260元/月、1450元/月和1300元/月,居全国之首。龙岗区一家小企业负责人称,2010年,厂房租金还是每平方米每月14元;到2011年,就飙升至每平方米每月20元,“不得不迁走了”。

  除去市场因素,深圳市政府亦强力主导产业转型升级。“今天不积极调整产业结构,明天就会被产业结构所调整。”早在2008年3月,广东省委书记汪洋上任后首次到东莞调研,就抛下了这句意味深长的警示。此后,“腾笼换鸟”、产业转移和劳动力转移的“双转移”政策就陆续在广东轰轰烈烈展开。

  2011年11月,深圳市政府下发了一系列关于产业转型升级的细化文件,明确提出“清理淘汰低端企业”工作目标:“未来五年,深圳将清理无证无照、安全隐患严重、高污染、高能耗的低端企业,2013年底前,腾出500万平方米产业发展空间,2015年前,腾出750万平方米产业发展空间。”这意味着,深圳未来可腾出现有面积的五分之一到四分之一的土地用于发展。

  文件还对企业转移的数量提出了要求:“到2015年实现有序转移企业1万家,其中向深汕特别合作区转移4000家,向省内其他区域转移5500家,形成总部、研发在深圳,其他的制造、生产环节在外地的格局。”深圳市发改委、人居环境委也在2011年11月制定了淘汰低端企业的细化标准。据深圳线路板行业协会会长辛国胜透露,深圳八成线路板行业准备外迁,“深圳环保标准提高成为企业外迁的主要原因”。各种因企业外迁的劳资纠纷,也从2011年11月开始,越来越频繁。

新工人新诉求

  2011年11月5日,22岁的黄志军跟着他所在的家具厂,从深圳龙岗迁到河北廊坊。此前,他在深圳生活了三年。和黄志军一起前往廊坊的,还有家具厂的三四十名工人。

  那是一个大厂房,面积大约有1000平方米,比深圳的厂房大了二三百平方米。但很快,黄志军觉得不适应。“地方太偏僻了,连个吃饭的地方都没有,更别提什么娱乐了。”他说,偶尔和当地人发生小摩擦,廊坊人地方观念还特别重,容易偏袒本地人。

  半年后,黄志军和几个工友又回到深圳。他们不能忍受的,除了当地生活条件较深圳艰苦外,还有官商勾结的作风。“在那边稍有点儿劳资纠纷,老板就能把黑道白道的人都找来,我们彻底没办法。但在深圳不会这样。”黄志军说,他对深圳有感情了,“不想走。”

  华南师范大学劳动经济研究所撰写的《广东省劳动力转移情况调查初评报告》披露,广东省劳动力转移滞后产业转移,2008年开始实施产业转移和劳动力转移“双转移”政策存在“一手硬一手软”现象。该报告称,“影响劳动力转移的制约成本已经呈现出明显的多元化特点,政府已经感受到了来自除单纯的工资成本外的、各种劳动力转移的心理、社会成本方面的成本压力,而其中最为突出的是住房等民生基本问题。”

  中国社科院人口与劳动经济研究所发布的一份报告总结了新生代农民工的一些特点:高中以上文化程度占28.9%,有更强的自我保护意识和维权意识;在业余时间经常上网的比例为46.9%,比上一辈更善于通过互联网来沟通、传递信息;从事制造业的比例为44.4%,而这历来是集体行动的聚集行业;居住在单位宿舍的比例达43.9%,这使得他们除了工作时间外,有更多的聚集时间;表示不回农村的比例占45.1%,外出就业前从事过农业生产的比例只有10%,这意味着他们大部分人不具备返回农村生活的技能。

  段毅表示,因珠三角比内地开放更早,部分工人已逐渐有团结起来争取利益的愿望,并在“同进退、共成败”的理念上有一致的行动。他们逐渐脱离政府设定的诉求表达途径,如信访,而是将其诉求付诸于集体请愿、罢工和怠工,并以此迫使雇主坐在谈判桌前进行集体谈判。

政府转换角色

  在2010年佛山本田罢工事件后,广东省委书记汪洋在当地视察时,对罢工表示理解,认为对劳资冲突,应该让劳资双方谈判解决,不应该上升到“维稳”的政治层面。这为此后广东各级政府应对罢工奠定了基调。

  2011年11月,西铁城代工厂罢工的当天下午,当地劳动部门即派人前往现场斡旋,然而并未起到任何作用。此后,罢工事件在劳资双方谈判下获得圆满解决,整个谈判过程政府均未参与。

  2012年2月,勤兴软胶的罢工,最终是媒体介入,劳资双方在补偿问题上达成了共识。而2012年4月的奥兰若罢工,政府积极协调,最终厂方同意了工人提出的补偿方案。

  段毅表示,在这些案例中,政府在处置中并没有和从前一样偏袒资方,而是基本处于中立或者边缘的角色。这一方面是因为政府对待罢工的态度有所转变,另一方面则体现出政府对待产业转型升级的态度。

  “工人要求提高待遇,会加快企业成本上升,也就会把一些低利润企业尽快挤出深圳。这与深圳市政府产业升级的想法不谋而合。”金心异说,深圳方面已不再青睐劳动密集型企业,会因“腾笼换鸟”的产业升级而毫不挽留。

  深圳大学产业经济研究中心主任魏达志也认为,深圳已经不再重复当年对招商引资激动万分的初级模式,现在税收主要依靠服务业、金融业和物流业。

  深圳心仪的产业结构是福田区的模式。这里有环球资源、瑞士ABB、COSCO、渣打银行、汇丰银行等金融巨头,也有无数高端商务基地。全区139栋20层以上高端商务楼宇成为“纳税高地”,仅招商银行大厦去年纳税金额就高达56.58亿元,“一栋写字楼流出的税收和财富就可以媲美一个小县城。”

  从目前来看,深圳正处于“旧产业淘汰,新产业待举”的阶段。深圳市统计局网站公布的1月-2月经济统计数据显示,今年前两个月,深圳市出口总额罕见地出现负增长,较去年同期下降6%,低于去年全年平均增速26.2个百分点;规模以上工业增加值同样出现3%的负增长,低于去年全年平均增速13.1个百分点,出口和工业产值负增长拖累了整个一季度的GDP增速,仅同比增长5.8%,低于全国平均增速2.3个百分点。

  这种急速放缓的经济增长,与罢工和劳资纠纷新动向不谋而合。后者的根本解决,也有赖经济正式步入官方期待的“稳中求进”的良性轨道。

From Club.china.com:

从3月21日下午至今,奥兰若科技(深圳)有限公司全体员工发起大罢工,抗议公司被收购,员工没有得到合理的赔偿。


3月22日上午,该厂全体员工集体罢工,并自发募捐,用来购买横幅、喇叭和口哨。从工人上传到网上的视频看到,他们齐声大喊:“买断工龄、合理赔偿……”


工人们在公司大门两边贴了横幅写着:“买断工龄,合理赔偿;停工维权,还我血汗钱。”还贴满所有员工的诉求。


一位要求不透露姓名的男员工表示,公司有1800人左右。现在整个工厂生产停滞,除保留新产品导入和研发外,所有产线工人和部份工程师都在罢工。

一名女性员工说:21日下午,跟工人说公司与马来西亚一家公司合作,生产线在三年内陆续搬去大马,这三年内因个人原因离职,公司不给予补偿。现在公司的政策是先转移生产线,再谈赔偿事宜。工人们怕三年后得不到保障,要求先赔偿再转移。


她说:公司还说员工可以申请去那家工厂,这不大可能,大马官方语言为英文,这样工人沟通都有问题,也不可能离乡背井。深圳工厂转移完了,可能就要关了。

目前劳资双方纠纷仍未解决,现在工人的诉求是:不赔偿,不开工,坚持到底。

这位男性员工表示,公司高层躲在楼上两天没有下来,目前只有中层干部出来调解,当地劳动监察部门也来了,一点作用也没有。2008年,公司与另一家光电公司合并,对工人也没有任何补偿。现在工人很冷静,只要诉求解决就复工。

记者致电奥兰若科技(深圳)有限公司询问工人罢工情况,但电话无法接通。

据网上资讯,奥兰若科技(深圳)有限公司位于深圳市福田区深圳福田保税区,为美国奥兰若总公司在中国的全资子公司,成立于2004年,是一家通信产品的企业,主营光纤器材、光纤器件。

From Fiber.ofweek.com:

近日动作连连的国际光器件大厂商Oclaro(奥兰若)公司,再次因员工罢工事件引起人们的关注。据悉,自上周三公司宣布将深圳产线转移到Venture马来西亚工厂的公告发出以来,Oclaro罢工已持续近两周。以下是21号下午员工停工维权的现场:
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